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室间隔缺损介入治疗指南(标准#8226;方案#8226;指南)的健康知识


2022-11-01 09:01:45 健康知识


1988年Lock等首次应用双面伞关闭室间隔损(简称室,VSD),随后改进为CardioSEAL双面伞,1994年Sideris报告纽扣式补片法封堵VSD。上述方法由于残余分流、并发症多等未获推广应用。1998年以来,Amplatzer肌部和膜周部封堵装置相继研制成功,初步应用结果是满意的,但尚需更多病例观察及术后进一步随访。山东大学齐鲁医院小儿内科李福海
一、适应证及禁忌证
(一)适应证
1.膜周部VSD:
(1)年龄:通常≥3岁;
(2)对心脏有血流动力学影响的单纯性VSD;
(3)VSD上缘距主动脉右冠瓣≥2mm,无主动脉右冠瓣脱入VSD及主动脉瓣返流。
2.肌部室缺,通常≥5mm。
3.外科手术后残余分流。
4.其他:心肌梗死或外伤后室缺虽非先天性,但其缺损仍可采用先心病VSD的封堵技术进行关闭术。
(二)禁忌证
1.活动性心内膜炎,心内有赘生物,或引起菌血症的其他感染。
2.封堵器安置处有血栓存在,导管插入处有静脉血栓形成。
3.缺损解剖位置不良,封堵器放置后影响主动脉瓣或房室瓣功能。
4.重度肺动脉高压伴双向分流者。
二、操作方法
(一)术前准备
1.心导管术前常规。
2.术前体征、心电图、X线胸片及超声心动图检查。
3.相关化验检查。
4.术前1天静脉注射抗生素一剂。术前1天口服阿司匹林,小儿3~5mg/(kg・d),成人3mg/(kg・d)。
(二)常规诊断性导管术及超声心动图检查
1.左右心导管及心血管造影检查局麻或全麻下作股静脉及股动脉插管,常规给予肝素100U/kg,先行右心导管检查,测量压力及血氧,检测肺动脉压力及Qp/Qs。以猪尾巴导管经股动脉达主动脉及左室测压,左室长轴斜位造影,测量VSD大小及其距主动脉瓣的距离,随后作升主动脉造影观察有无主动脉瓣脱垂及返流。
2.经胸超声(TTE)或经食道超声(TEE)检查评价VSD的位置、大小、数目、邻近结构、与瓣膜的关系,膜部VSD需测缺损边缘距主动脉瓣距离,膜部室隔瘤形成等。近心尖部肌部VSD,周围解剖的检查有助于封堵器及途径的选择。
(三)封堵方法
1.膜周部VSD封堵方法:目前最常用的为Amplatzer膜周部VSD封堵器及输送系统进行封堵术。
(1)建立动静脉轨道:通常应用右冠状动脉导管或其他导管经股动脉、主动脉至左室,经探查导管头端经VSD入右室,然后将0 035英寸(1英寸=2.54cm=0.0254m)的软头长交换导丝经导管插入右室并推送至肺动脉或上腔静脉,然后由股静脉经端孔导管插入圈套器,套住肺动脉或上腔静脉的导丝,由股静脉拉出,以建立股静脉-右房-右室-左室-股动脉轨道。
(2)由股静脉端沿轨道插入合适的长鞘至右房与右冠导管相接(接吻式导管技术),将长鞘及扩张管一起沿导丝插至主动脉弓部,后撤长鞘内扩张管,然后缓缓回撤输送长鞘至左室流出道,由动脉端推送交换导丝及右冠导管达左室尖端,该时置左室内的长鞘头端则顺势指向心尖,然后动脉端换猪尾巴导管,插至左室,撤去交换导丝。
(3)封堵器安放:选择合适大小的封堵器连接专用的输送导丝和递送导管,使封堵器维持在不对称位。然后经长鞘插入输送系统将封堵器送达长鞘末端,在TEE/TTE导引下结合X线透视,回撤长鞘使左盘释放并与室间隔相贴,确定位置良好后,封堵器腰部嵌入VSD,后撤长鞘,释放右盘。在TEE/TTE监视下观察封堵器位置、有无分流和瓣膜返流,随后作左室造影确认位置是否恰当及分流情况,并作升主动脉造影观察有无主动脉瓣返流及主动脉瓣形态。
(4)释放封堵器:在X线及超声检查效果满意后即可释放封堵器,撤去长鞘及导管后压迫止血。
2.肌部室间隔缺损封堵方法:
(1)建立经VSD的动静脉轨道:由于肌部VSD可位于室间隔中部或接近心尖,在技术上与膜部VSD堵塞术不尽相同。通常建立左股动脉 主动脉 左室 右室 右颈内静脉(或右股静脉)的轨道。
(2)封堵器的安置与释放:①顺向途径:长鞘经颈内静脉(或股静脉)插入右室,经VSD达左室然后按常规安置封堵器;②逆向途径:当肌部VSD接近心尖,右室面肌小梁多或右室面缺损较小难以顺向途径插入者。
三、疗效评价
封堵器安置后在TTE/TEE及左室造影下观察,效果良好:封堵器安置位置恰当;无或仅有微~少量分流;无明显主动脉瓣及房室瓣返流。
四、术后处理及随访
1 术后置病房监护,临床及心电图监测,24小时内复查超声心动图,术后观察5~7天后情况良好,出院随访。
2 手术后24小时肝素化,抗生素静脉应用3天。
3 术后口服阿司匹林小儿3~5mg/(kg・d),成人3mg/(kg・d),共6个月。
4 术后1、3、6、12个月随访,复查心电图、X线胸片及超声心动图。
五、并发症
1.心导管术并发症。
2.心律失常:室性早搏、室性心动过速;束支传导阻滞及房室传导阻滞,后者可延迟发生。
3.封堵器脱落、栓塞。
4.主动脉或三尖瓣瓣膜返流。
5.残余分流。
6.溶血。
7.心脏及血管穿孔。
8.神经系统并发症:头痛、中风等。
9.局部血栓形成及周围血管栓塞。

文章内容来源于网络(有来医生网站),版权归源网站所有。


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